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Central Nervous System

Meningitis

  1. Anon.  Drugs for bacterial infections.  Treatment Guidelines Med Lett 2010;8: 43-52.
  2. Aurelius E, Franzen-Rohl E, Glimaker M, et al.  Long-term valacyclovir suppressive treatment after herpes simplex virus type 2 meningitis:  a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.  Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:1304-13.
  3. Brackbill ML, Brophy GM.  Adjunctive rifampin therapy for central nervous system staphylococcal infections.  Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:765-9.
  4. Brouwer MC, Heckenberg SGB, de Gans J.  Nationwide implementation of adjunctive dexamethasone therapy for pneumococcal meningitis.  Neurology 2010;75:1533-9.
  5. Brouwer MC, McIntyre P, de Gans, J, et al.  Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, Issue 9, Art. No.:  CD004405.
  6. Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, van de Beek D.  Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis.  Clin Microbiol Rev 2010;23:467-92.
  7. Carey RB.  Rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by antigen detection.  Infect Dis Newslett.
  8. Davis LE, Guerre J, Gerstein WH.  Recurrent Herpes simplex virus type 2 meningitis in elderly persons.  Arch Neurol 2010; 67:759-60.
  9. De Gans J, van de Beek D.  Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis.  N Engl J Med 2002;347:1549-56.
  10. Durand ML, Calderwood SB, Weber DJ, et al.  Acute bacterial meningitis in adults: a review of 493 episodes. N Engl J Med 1993;328:21-8.
  11. Dworzack DL, Sanders CC, Horowitz EA, et al.  Evaluation of single-dose ciprofloxacin in the eradication of Neisseria meningitidis from nasopharyngeal carriers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:1740-1.
  12. Feigin RD, McCracken GH, Klein JO.  Diagnosis and management of meningitis.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:785-814.
  13. Fitch MT, van de Beek D.  Emergency diagnosis and treatment of adult meningitis.  Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:191-200.
  14. Forward KR.  Prospective evaluation of bacterial antigen detection in cerebral spinal fluid in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in a predominantly adult hospital.  Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1988;11:61-3.
  15. Fox JLR.  In children with bacterial meningitis, does the addition of dexamethasone to an antibiotic treatment regimen result in a better clinical outcome than the antibiotic regimen alone?  Part A:  Evidence-based answer and summary.  Paediatr Child Health 2006;11:33-4.
  16. Gaunt PN, Lambert BE.  Single dose ciprofloxacin for the eradication of pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988;21:489-96.
  17. Guardado AR, Blanco A, Asensi V, et al.  Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter meningitis in neurosurgical patients with intraventricular catheters:  assessment of different treatments.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:908-13.
  18. Hart CA, Cuevas LE, Marzouk O, et al.  Management of bacterial meningitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993;32:49-59.
  19. Kallio-Laine K, Seppanen M, Kautiainen H, et al.  Recurrent lymphocytic meningitis positive for Herpes simplex virus type 2.  Emerg Iinfect Dis 2009;15:1119-22.
  20. Karageorgopoulos DE, Valkimadi PE, Kapaskelis A, et al.  Short versus long duration of antibiotic therapy for bacterial meningitis:  a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials in children.  Arch Dis Child 2009;94:607-14.
  21. Kellner JD.  Response to "Benefits of glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of bacterial meningitis in children:  End of the controversy?"  Paediatr Child Health 2006;11:31-2.
  22. Khawcharoenporn T, Apisarnthanarak A, Mundy LM.  Intrathecal colistin for drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system infection:  a case series and systematic review.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16:888-94.
  23. Kim BN, Peleg AY, Lodise TP, et al.  Management of meningitis due to antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter species.  Lancet Infect Dis 2009;9:245-55.
  24. Kim KS.  Acute bacterial meningitis in infants and children.  Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10:32-42.
  25. Kiska DL, Jones MC, Mangum ME, et al.  Quality assurance study of bacterial antigen testing of cerebrospinal fluid.  J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1141-4.
  26. Le J, Bookstaver PB, Rudisill CN, et al.  Treatment of meningitis caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium:  high-dose and combination daptomycin therapy.  Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:2001-6.
  27. Le Saux N,  Canadian Paediatric Society.  Guidelines for the management of suspected and confirmed bacterial meningitis in Canadian children older than 2 months of age.  Canadian Paediatric Society Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee, Oct 19, 2020.  Available at: https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/management-of-bacterial-meningitis.
  28. Lu CH, Chang WN.  Adults with meningitis caused by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.  Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:723-7.
  29. Martin RM, Zimmermann LL, Huynh M, et al.  Diagnostic approach to health care- and device-associated central nervous system infections.  J Clin Microbiol 2018;56:e00861-18.
  30. McCracken GH.  New developments in the management of children with bacterial meningitis.  Ped Infect Dis 1984;S32-4.
  31. McGill F, Heyderman RS, Michael BD, et al.  The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults.  J Infection 2016;72:405-38.
  32. Mirakhur B, McKenna M.  Recurrent Herpes simplex type 2 virus (Mollaret) meningitis.  JABFP 2004;17:303-5.
  33. Molyneux E, Nizami SQ, Saha S, et al.  5 versus 10 days of treatment with ceftriaxone for bacterial meningitis in children:  a double-blind randomised equivalence study.  Lancet 2011;377:1837-45.
  34. Mongelluzzo J, Mohamad Z, Ten Have TR, et al.  Corticosteroids and mortality in children with bacterial meningitis.  JAMA 2008;299:2048-55.
  35. Paris MM, Ramilo O, McCracken GH.  Management of meningitis caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:2171-5.
  36. Pediatric Red Book 1997.  Haemophilus influenzae infections.  222-4.
  37. Peltola H, Roine I, Fernandez J, et al.  Adjuvant glycerol and/or dexamethasone to improve the outcomes of childhood bacterial meningitis:  a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:1277-86.
  38. Perkins MD, Mirrett S, Reller LB.  Rapid bacterial antigen detection is not clinically useful.  J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1486-91.
  39. Pettersen G, Ovetchkine P, Tapiero B.  Group A streptococcal meningitis in a pediatric patient following cochlear implantation:  report of the first case and review of the literature.  J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:5816-8.
  40. Quagliarello VJ, Scheld WM.  Bacterial meningitis: pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and progress. N Engl J Med 1992;327:864-72.
  41. Quagliarello VJ, Scheld WM.  New perspectives on bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:603-10.
  42. Quagliarello VJ, Scheld WM.  Treatment of bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 1997;336:708-16.
  43. Rosenberg J, Galen BT.  Recurrent meningitis.  Curr Pain Headache Rep 2017;21:33.
  44. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, et al.  Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. N Engl J Med 1997;337:970-6.
  45. Sebire G, Cyr C.  Benefits of glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of bacterial meningitis in children:  End of the controversy?  Paediatr Child Health 2006;11:29-31.
  46. Sigurdardottir B, Bjornsson OM, Jonsdottir KE, at al.  Acute bacterial meningitis in adults: a 20 year overview. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:425-30.
  47. Snape MD, Kelly D.  Fine with five?  Shorter antibiotic courses for childhood meningitis.  Lancet 2011;377:1809-10.
  48. Spach DH.  New issues in bacterial meningitis in adults.  Postgrad Med 2003:114:43-50.
  49. Stephens DS, Greenwood B, Brandtzaeg P.  Epidemic meningitis, meningococcaemia, and Neisseria meningitidis.  Lancet 2007;369:2196-210.
  50. Tebruegge M, Curtis N.  Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of recurrent bacterial meningitis.  Clin Microbiol Rev 2008;21:519-37.
  51. Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al.  Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis.  Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1267-84.
  52. Tunkel AR, Hasbun R, Bhimraj A, et al.  2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America’s clinical practice guidelines for healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis.  Clin Infect Dis 2017;64:e34-65.
  53. Tunkel AR, Scheld WM.  Acute bacterial meningitis. Lancet 1995;346:675-80.
  54. van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupova O, et al.  ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22:S37-62.
  55. van de Beek D, Drake JM, Tunkel AR.  Nosocomial bacterial meningitis.  N Engl J Med 2010;362:146-54.
  56. van Ettekoven CN, van de Beek D, Brouwer MC.  Update on community-acquired bacterial meningitis: guidance and challenges.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2017;23:601-6.
  57. Vanderkooi OG, Low DE, Green K, et al.  Predicting antimicrobial resistance in invasive pneumococcal infections.  Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1288-97.
  58. Vaudry W.  Steroids in meningitis Part B:  Clinical commentary.  Paediatr Child Health 2006;11:35-6.
  59. Visintin C, Mugglestone MA, Fields EJ, et al.  Management of bacterial meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia in children and young people:  summary of NICE guidance.  BMJ 2010;340:92-4.
  60. Wispelwey B, Tunkel AR, Scheld WM.  Bacterial meningitis in adults.  Infect Dis Clin N Amer 1990;4:645-59.
  61. Wong-Beringer A, Beringer P, Lovett MA.  Successful treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis with high-dose ciprofloxacin.  Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:936-7.
  62. Zarrouk V, Vassor I, Bert F, et al.  Evaluation of the management of postoperative aseptic meningitis.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:1555-9.

Brain Abscess

  1. Bodilsen J, D’Alessandris QG, Humphreys H, et al.  ESCMID guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of brain abscess in children and adults.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2023:1-71 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2023.08.016.
  2. Boom WH, Tuazon CU.  Successful treatment of multiple brain abscesses with antibiotics alone. Rev Infect Dis 1985;7:189-99.
  3. Chun CH, Johnson JD, Hofstetter M, et al.  Brain abscess: a study of 45 consecutive cases. Medicine 1986;65:415-31.
  4. Jadavji T, Humphreys RP, Prober CG.  Brain abscesses in infants and children.  Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:394-8.
  5. Mampalam TJ, Rosenblum ML.  Trends in the management of bacterial brain abscesses: a review of 102 cases over 17 years. Neurosurgery 1988;23:451-8.
  6. Mathisen GE, Johnson JP.  Brain abscess. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:763-81.
  7. Richards J, Sisson PR, Hickman JE, et al.  Microbiology, chemotherapy and mortality of brain abscess in Newcastle - upon-Tyne between 1979 and 1988. Scand J Infect Dis 1990;22:511-18.
  8. Gilbert DN, Moellering RC, Eliopoulos GM, eds.  The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy 2023. Sperryville, VA:  Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc. 2023.
  9. Sjolin J, Lilja A, Eriksson N, et al.  Treatment of brain abscess with cefotaxime and metronidazole: prospective study on 15 consecutive patients. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:857-63.
  10. Sonneville R, Ruimy R, Benzonana N, et al.  An update on bacterial brain abscess in immunocompetent patients.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2017;23:614-20.
  11. Warner JF, Perkins RL, Cordero L.  Metronidazole therapy of anaerobic bacteremia, meningitis and brain abscess.  Arch Intern Med 1979;139:167-9.

Epidural Abscess

  1. Auletta JJ, John CC.  Spinal epidural abscesses in children:  a 15-year experience and review of the literature.  Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:9-16.
  2. Babic M, Simpfendorfer CS, Berbari EF.  Update on spinal epidural abscess. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2019;32:265-71.  doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000544.
  3. Bond A, Manian FA,  Spinal epidural abscess: a review with special emphasis on earlier diagnosis.  BioMed Res Intern 2016: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1614328.
  4. Borum SE, McLeskey CH, Williamson JB, et al.  Epidural abscess after obstetric epidural analgesia.  Anesthesiology 1995;82:1523-6.
  5. Corsini Campioli C, Go JR, Saleh OA, et al.  Anti-staphylococcal penicillin versus cefazolin for the treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus spinal epidural abscesses.  Infect Dis Soc 2021.
  6. Darouiche, RO.  Spinal epidural abscess.  N Engl J Med 2006;355:2012-20.
  7. de Leeuw CN, Fann PR, Tanenbaum JE, et al.  Lumbar epidural abscesses:  a systematic review.  Global Spinal J 2018;8:85S-95S.
  8. Ericsson M, Algers G, Schliamser SE.  Spinal epidural abscesses in adults: review and report of iatrogenic cases.  Scand J Infect Dis 1990;22:249-57.
  9. Howie BA, Davidson IU, Tanenbaum JE, et al.  Thoracic epidural abscesses: a systematic review.  Global Spine J 2018;8:68S-84S.
  10. Schweich PJ, Hurt TL.  Spinal epidural abscess in children:  two illustrative cases.  Pediatr Emerg Care 1992;8:84-7. 
  11. Turner A, Zhao L, Gauthier P, et al.  Management of cervical spine epidural abscess: a systematic review.  Ther Adv Infect Dis 2019;6:1-17.  DOI: 10.1177/2049936119863940.

Subdural Empyema

  1. Dill SR, Cobb CG, McDonals CK.  Subdural empyema: analysis of 32 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:372-86.
  2. French H, Schaefer N, Keijzers G, et al.  Intracranial subdural empyema: a 10-year case series.  Ochsner J 2014;14:188-94.
  3. Yoon J, O’Bryan CM, Redmond M.  Intracranial subdural empyema – a mini review.  J Infectiology 2020;3:1-5.

Encephalitis

  1. Anon.  Oropouche fever, the mysterious threat.  Lancet Infect Dis 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00516-4
  2. Alam AM, Easton A, Nicholson TR, et al.  Encephalitis: diagnosis, management and recent advances in the field of encephalitides.  Postgrad Med J 2022;0:1-10.  doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2022-141812
  3. Dannemann B, McCutchan JA, Israelski D, et al.  Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS:  a randomized trial comparing pyrimethamine plus clindamycin to pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine.  Ann Intern Med 1992;116:33-43.
  4. Gnann JW, Sköldenberg B, Hart J, et al.  Herpes simplex encephalitis: lack of clinical benefit of long-term valacyclovir therapy.  Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:683-91.
  5. Johnson RT.  Acute encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:219-26.
  6. Kimberlin DW, Lin C-Y, Jacobs RF, et al.  Natural history of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections in the acyclovir era.  Pediatrics 2001;108:223-9.
  7. Kimberlin DW, Lin C-Y, Jacobs RF, et al.  Safety and efficacy of high-dose intravenous acyclovir in the management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections.  Pediatrics 2001;108:230-8.
  8. Kolski H, Ford-Jones EL, Richardson S, et al.  Etiology of acute childhood encephalitis at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, 1994-95.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:398-409.
  9. Mailles A, Stahl JP, Bloch KC.  Update and new insights in encephalitis.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2017;23:607-13.
  10. Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, et al.  The management of encephalitis:  clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:303-27.
  11. Venkatesan A, Murphy OC.  Viral encephalitis.  Neurol Clin 2018;36:705-24.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2018.07.001
  12. Whitley RJ.  Viral encephalitis.  N Engl J Med 1990;323:242-50.
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