Home > References > Treatment Recommendations > Neonates/Paediatric & Adult Patients > Genital

Genital

  1. Alberta Health.  The Alberta Treatment Guidelines for sexually transmitted infections (STI) in adolescents and adults 2018.
  2. Allen LV.  Boric acid suppositories. Boric acid vaginal suppositories are useful for treating chronic mycotic vulvovaginitis. US Pharmacist 1996; 1: 92-3.
  3. Allen VG, Farrell DJ, Rebbapragada A, et al.  Molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Ontario, Canada.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:703-12.
  4. Alrabiah FA, Sacks SL.  New antiherpesvirus agents:  their targets and therapeutic potential.  Drugs 1996;52:17-32.
  5. Anon.  Boric acid 600-mg vaginal suppository.  Int J Pharm Compounding 2004;8:52.
  6. Anon.  Drugs for sexually transmitted infections. Treatment Guidelines Med Lett 2010;8:53-60.
  7. Aoki FY, Tyring S, Diaz-Mitoma F, et al.  Single-day, patient-initiated famciclovir therapy for recurrent genital herpes:  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:8-13.
  8. Arredondo JL, Diaz V, Gaitan H, et al.  Oral clindamycin and ciprofloxacin versus intramuscular ceftriaxone and oral doxycycline in the treatment of mild-to-moderate pelvic inflammatory disease in outpatients.  Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:170-8.
  9. Augenbraun MH, Rolfs R.  Treatment of syphilis, 1998: nonpregnant adults.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:S21-8.
  10. Banerji A.  Canadian Paediatric Society First Nations, Inuit and Metis Health Committee. Scabies.  Paediatr Child Health 2015;20:395-8.
  11. Beutner KR, Reitano MV, Richwald GA, et al.  External genital warts: report of the American Medical Association consensus conference.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:796-806.
  12. Beutner KR, Wiley DJ, Douglas JM, et al.  Genital warts and their treatment.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:S37-56.
  13. Boehm FH, Estes W, Wright PF, et al.  Management of genital herpes simplex virus infection occurring during pregnancy.  Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141:735-40.
  14. Bras APM, Sitar DS, Aoki FY.  Comparative bioavailability of acyclovir from oral valacyclovir and acyclovir in patients treated for recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection.  Can J Clin Pharmacol 2001:8;207-11.
  15. Brunham RC, Paavonen J, Stevens CE, et al.  Mucopurulent cervicitis - the ignored counterpart in women of urethritis in men.  N Engl J Med 1984;311:1-6.
  16. Burstein GR, Zenilman JM.  Nongonococcal urethritis – a new paradigm.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:S66-73.
  17. Carey JC, Klebanoff MA, Hauth JC. et al.  Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis.  N Engl J Med 2000;342:534-40.
  18. CDC. U.S. Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2013: Adapted from the World Health Organization selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2nd ed. MMWR Recomm Rep 2013;62(No. RR-05).
  19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2010. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 2010;59(RR-12):1-80. https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/STD-Treatment-2010-RR5912.pdf
  20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Update to CDC’s Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010: Oral cephalosporins no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 2012;61(No 31):590-4. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm6131.pdf
  21. Charpentier C,  McDonald S, Elwood C, et al.  A survey on variation in diagnosis and treatment of chorioamnionitis in tertiary centres in Canada.  J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2022;44(1):28−33.
  22. Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R, Jung EJ. et al.  Management of clinical chorioamnionitis:  an evidence-based approach.  Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;223:848-69. 
  23. Cook AM, Romanelli F.  Ivermectin for the treatment of resistant scabies.  Ann Pharmacother 2003:37:279-81.
  24. Corey L, Adams HG, Brown ZA, et al.  Genital herpes simplex virus infections:  clinical manifestations, course, and complications.  Ann Intern Med 1983;98:958-72.
  25. Corey L, Holmes KK.  Genital herpes simplex virus infections:  current concepts in diagnosis, therapy, and prevention.  Ann Intern Med 1983;98:973-83.
  26. Diaz-Mitoma F, Sibbald RG, Shafran SD, et al.  Oral famciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes: a randomized controlled trial.  JAMA 1998;280:887-92.
  27. Eckert LO.  Clinical practice.  Acute vulvovaginitis.  N Engl J Med 2006;355 :1244-52.
  28. Eschenbach DA.  Bacterial vaginosis and anaerobes in obstetric-gynecologic infection.  Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:282-7.
  29. Faure K, Dessein R, Vanderstichele S, et al.  Postpartum endometritis: CNGOF and SPILF pelvic inflammatory diseases guidelines.  Gynecologie Obstetrique Fertilite & Senologie 2019;47:442-50.
  30. Fife KH, Barbarash RA, Rudolph T, et al.  Valaciclovir versus acyclovir in the treatment of first-episode gential herpes infection.  Sex Transm Dis 1997;24:481-6.
  31. Forbes AJ, Berkahn C, eds.  Topical imiquimod: first of its kind for genital warts.  Drugs & Ther Perspectives 1999;14:1-5.
  32. Gratrix J, Bergman J, Egan C, et al.  Retrospective review of pharyngeal gonorrhea treatment failures in Alberta, Canada.  Sexually Transmitted Dis 2013;40:877-9.
  33. Greaves WL, Chungafung J, Morris B, et al.  Clindamycin versus metronidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.  Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:799-802.
  34. Gupta R, Warren T, Wald A.  Genital herpes.  Lancet 2007;370:2127-37.
  35. Hooton TM, Wong ES, Barnes RC, et al.  Erythromycin for persistent or recurrent nongonococcal urethritis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.  Ann Intern Med 1990;113:21-6. Infectious Diseases and
  36. Immunization Committee, CPS.  Toward the rational management of herpes infection in pregnant women and their newborn infants.  Can Med Assoc J 1992;146:1557-9.
  37. Joesoef MR, Schmid GP, Hillier SL.  Bacterial vaginosis: review of treatment options and potential clinical indications for therapy.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:S57-65.
  38. Kaplowitz LG, Baker D, Gelb L, et al.  Prolonged continuous acyclovir treatment of normal adults with frequently recurring genital herpes simplex virus infection.  JAMA 1991;265:747-51.
  39. Kent ME, Romanelli F.  Reexamining syphilis:  an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management.  Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:226-36.
  40. Koumans EH, Markowitz LE, Hogan V.  CDC BV Working Group.  Indications for therapy and treatment recommendations for bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant and pregnant women: a synthesis of data. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35(Suppl 2):S152-72. doi: 10.1086/342103.
  41. Kropp RY, Wong T, on behalf of the Canadian LGV Working Group. Emergence of lymphogranuloma venereum in Canada.  CMAJ 2005;172:1674-6.
  42. Lam JC, Lang R, Stokes W.  How I manage bacterial prostatitis.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2023;29:32-7.
  43. Leone PA, Trottier S, Miller JM.  Valacyclovir for episodic treatment of genital herpes:  a shorter 3-day treatment course compared with 5-day treatment.  Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:958-62.
  44. Leung DT, Sacks SL.  Current recommendations for the treatment of genital herpes.  Drugs 2000:60;1329-52.
  45. Lipsky BA, Byren I, Hoey CT.  Treatment of bacterial prostatitis.  Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:1641-52.
  46. Mackeen AD, Packard RE, Ota E, et al.  Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis. Cochrane Database Systematic Rev 2015, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001067. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001067.pub3.
  47. Mann J, Kropp R, Wong T, et al. Gonorrhea treatment guidelines in Canada:  2004 update.  CMAJ 2004;171:1345-6.
  48. Marrazzo JM, Handsfield HH, Whittington WLH. Predicting chlamydial and gonococcal cervical infection: implications for management of cervicitis. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:579-84.
  49. Marrazzo JM, Martin DH.  Management of women with cervicitis.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;44(suppl 3):S102-10.
  50. Martin I, Jayaraman G, Wong T, et al.  Trends in antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Canada:  2000-2009.  Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2011;38:892-8.
  51. Mead PB, Winn WC.  Vaginal-rectal colonization with group A streptococci in late pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2000;8:217.
  52. Meltzer MC, Schwebke JR.  Lactational amenorrhea as a risk factor for Group A streptococal vaginitis.  Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:e112-5.
  53. Muller AE, Mouton JW, Oostvogel PM, et al.  Pharmacokinetics of clindamycin in pregnant women in the peripartum period.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:2175-81.
  54. Muzny CA, Sobel JD.  The role of antimicrobial resistance in refractory and recurrent bacterial vaginosis and current recommendations for treatment.  Antibiotics 2022;500-11.
  55. Niragira O, Ha S, Pogany L, et al.  Bezathine penicillin G for the management of early syphilis among HIV co-infected persons.  CCDR 2016;42:30-6.
  56. Nygren P, Fu R, Freeman M, et al.  Evidence on the benefits and harms of screening and treating pregnant women who are asymptomatic for bacterial vaginosis:  an update reivew for the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force.  Ann Intern Med 2008;148:220-33.
  57. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al.  Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2016;62:1-50.
  58. Perry CM, Lamb HM.  Topical imiquimod: a review of its use in genital warts.  Drugs 1999;58:375-90.
  59. Perry CM, Wagstaff AJ.  Famciclovir: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in Herpesvirus infections. Drugs 1995;50:396-415.
  60. Peterson HB, Galaid EI, Zenilman JM.  Pelvic inflammatory disease:  review of treatment options.  Rev Infect Dis 1990;12:656-64.
  61. Public Health Agency of Canada.  Canadian guidelines on sexually transmitted infections:  treatment of N. gonorrhoeae in response to the discontinuation of spectinomycin:  alternative treatment guidance statement.  2017;May.
  62. Public Health Agency of Canada Expert Working Group on the Canadian guidelines on sexually transmitted infections.  Canadian guidelines on sexually transmitted infections.  Ottawa, ON: Public Health Agency of Canada.  Available at:  https://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/std-mts/sti-its/guide-lignesdir-eng.php.  Accessed Feb 2012.
  63. Public Health Agency of Canada Expert Working Group on the Canadian guidelines on sexually transmitted infections.  Canadian guidelines on sexually transmitted infections.  Gonoccocal Infections Chapter Revised 2013.  Ottawa, ON: Public Health Agency of Canada.  Available at:  https://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/std-mts/sti-its/cgsti-ldcits/section-5-6-eng.php.  Accessed October 2013.
  64. Prober CG, Corey L, Brown ZA, et al.  The management of pregnancies complicated by genital infections with Herpes simplex virus.  Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:1031-8.
  65. Quan M. Vaginitis: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med 2010;122:117-27. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2010.
  66. Rein MF, Holmes KK.  “Nonspecific vaginitis” vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis:  clinical features, diagnosis, and management.  Curr Clin Topics Infect Dis 1983;4:281-315.
  67. Reitano M, Tyring S, Lang W, et al.  Valaciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection:  a large-scale dose range-finding study.  J Infect Dis 1998;178:603-10.
  68. Roett MA, Mayor MT, Uduhiri KA.  Diagnosis and management of genital ulcers.  Am Fam Physician 2012;85:254-62.
  69. Rompalo AM.  Diagnosis and treatment of sexually acquired proctitis and proctocolitis:  an update.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:S84-90.
  70. Roos TC, Alam M, Roos S, et al.  Pharmacotherapy of ectoparasitic infections.  Drugs 2001:61;1067-88.
  71. Rosene K, Eschenbach DA, Tompkins LS, et al.  Polymicrobial early postpartum endometritis with facultative and anaerobic bacteria, genital mycoplasmas, and Chlamydia trachomatis: treatment with piperacillin or cefoxitin.  J Infect Dis 1986;153:1028.
  72. Schacker T, Hu H, Koelle DM, et al.  Famciclovir for the suppression of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus reactivation in HIV-infected persons: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Ann Intern Med 1998;128:21-8.
  73. Schaeffer AJ.  Chronic prostatitis and the chronic pelvic pain syndrome.  N Engl J Med 2006;355:1690-8.
  74. Schmid GP.  Treatment of chancroid, 1997.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:S14-20.
  75. Sen P, Barton SE.  Genital herpes and its management.  BMJ 2007;334:1048-52.
  76. Sheffield JS, Hollier LM, Hill JB, et al.  Acyclovir prophylaxis to prevent herpes simplex virus recurrence at delivery:  a systematic review.  Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:1396-403.
  77. Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW, et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations.  Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:203.
  78. Sobel JD.  Vaginitis.  N Engl J Med 1997;337:1896-1903.
  79. Sobel JD.  Vulvovaginal candidosis.  Lancet 2007;369:1961-71.
  80. Sobel JD, Chaim W.  Treatment of Torulopsis glabrata vaginitis:   retrospective review of boric acid therapy.  Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:649-52.
  81. Spruance SL, Tyring SK, DeGregorio B, et al.  A large-scale, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of peroral valaciclovir for episodic treatment of recurrent Herpes genitalis.  Arch Intern Med 1996;156:1729-35.
  82. Stary A, Soeltz-Szoets J, Ziegler C. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of oral fluconazole and topical clotrimazole in patients with candidal balanitis. Genitourin Med 1996;72:98–102.
  83. Stoner BP.  Current controversies in the management of adult syphilis.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;44(suppl 3):130-46.
  84. Sweet RL.  New approaches for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.  Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:479-82.
  85. Tan HH, Goh CL.  Parasitic skin infections in the elderly.  Drugs & Aging 2001:18;165-76.
  86. Theis KR, Florova V, Romero R, et al.  Sneathia: an emerging pathogen in female reproductive disease and adverse perinatal outcomes.  Crit Rev Microbiol 2021;47:517-42.
  87. Tita ATN, Andrews WW.  Diagnosis and management of clinical chorioamnionitis.  Clin Perinatol 2010;37(2);339–54. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2010.02.003.
  88. Trees DL, Morse SA.  Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi:  an update.  Clin Microbiol Rev 1995;8:357-75.
  89. Tsang RSW, Radons SM, Morshed M.  Laboratory diagnosis of syphilis:  a survey to examine the range of tests used in Canada.  Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2011;22:83-7.
  90. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.  Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery:  U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.  Ann Intern Med 2008;148:214-9.
  91. Wagenlehner FME, Naber KG.  Current challenges in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and prostatitis.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12(suppl 3):67-80.
  92. Wald A.  New therapies and prevention strategies for genital herpes.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:S4-13.
  93. Walker CK, Kahn JG, Washington AE, et al.  Pelvic inflammatory disease:  metaanalysis of antimicrobial regimen efficacy.  J Infect Dis 1993;168:969-78.
  94. Walker CK, Workowski KA, Washington AE, et al.  Anaerobes in pelvic inflammatory disease:  implications for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:S29-36.
  95. Warkentin DI, Epstein JB, Campbell LM, et al.  Valacyclovir versus acyclovir for HSV prophylaxis in neutropenic patients.  Ann Pharmacother 2002:36;1525-31.
  96. Wendel KA, Workowski KA.  Trichomoniasis:  challenges to appropriate management.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:S123-9.
  97. WHO recommendation on a combination of clindamycin and gentamicin for the treatment of postpartum endometritis. The WHO Reproductive Health Library; Geneva: World Health Organization 2015;Sept.
  98. Wohrl S, Geusau A.  Clinical update:  syphilis in adults.  Lancet 2007;369:1912-4.
  99. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al.  Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines. CDC 2021.
     
Content Version: 1.1.1151 Oct 31, 2024.06:09
©1998-2020 Alberta Health Services