Home > References > Treatment Recommendations > Neonates/Paediatric & Adult Patients > Bone & Joint

Bone & Joint

  1. Bachur R, Pagon Z.  Success of short-course parenteral antibiotic therapy for acute osteomyelitis of childhood.  Clin Pediatrics 2007;46:30-35.
  2. Baker DG, Schumacher HR. Acute monoarthritis. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1013-20.
  3. Berbari EF, Kanj SS, Kowalski TJ, et al.  2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults.  Clin Iinfect Dis 2015;61:e26-46.
  4. Black J, Hunt TL, Godley PJ, et al.  Oral antimicrobial therapy for adults with osteomyelitis or septic arthritis.  J Infect Dis 1987;155:968-72.
  5. Chadwick PR, Davis N, Clayson AD, et al.  Enterococcal joint prosthesis infection.  Clin Microbiol Infect 1997;3:264-5.
  6. Cunha BA, Osteomyelitis in elderly patients.  Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:287-93.
  7. Dickie AS.  Current concepts in the management of infections in bones and joints.  Drugs 1986;32:458-75.
  8. Dirschl DR, Almekinders LC. Osteomyelitis:common causes and treatment recommendations. Drugs 1993;45:29-43.
  9. Espinosa CM, Davis MM, Gilsdorf JR.  Anaerobic osteomyelitis in children.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011;30:422-3.
  10. Feigin RD, Pickering LK, Anderson D, et al.  Clindamycin treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children.  Pediatrics 1975;55:213-22.
  11. Fitzgerald RH, Cowan JDE. Puncture wounds of the foot. Orthop Clin North Am 1975;6:965-72.
  12. Fox L, Sprunt K.  Neonatal osteomyelitis.  Pediatrics 1978;62:535-42.
  13. García-De La Torre I, Nava-Zavala A. Gonococcal and nongonococcal arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2009;35:63-73. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2009.03.001.
  14. Gardner GC, Weisman MH.  Pyarthrosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis:  a report of 13 cases and a review of the literature from the past 40 years.  Am J Med 1990;88:503-11.
  15. Gentry LD. Antibiotic therapy for osteomyelitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1990;4:485-99.
  16. Gentry LO, Rodriguez GG.  Oral ciprofloxacin compared with parenteral antibiotics in the treatment of osteomyelitis.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:40-3.
  17. Gentry LO.  Oral antimicrobial therapy for osteomyelitis.  Ann Intern Med 1991;114:986-7.
  18. Gillespie WJ.  Prevention and management of infection after total joint replacement.  Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:1310-7.
  19. Goldenberg DL, Reed JI. Bacterial arthritis. N Engl J Med 1985;312:764-70.
  20. Henry SL, Galloway KP.  Local antibacterial therapy for the management of orthopaedic infections: pharmacokinetic considerations.  Clin Pharmacokinet 1995;29:36-45.
  21. Jacobs KF, McCarthy RE, Elser JM. Pseudomonas osteochondritic complicating puncture wounds of the foot in children: a 10-year evaluation. J  Infect Dis 1989;160:657-61.
  22. Jacobs RF, Adelman L, Sack CM, et al.  Management of Pseudomonas osteochondritis complicating puncture wounds of the foot.  Pediatrics 1982;69:432-5.
  23. Jacobs RF, McCarthy RE, Elser JM.  Pseudomonas osteochondritis complicating puncture wounds of the foot in children: a 10-year evaluation.  J Infect Dis 1989;160:657-61.
  24. Kanellakopoulou K, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ.  Carrier systems for the local delivery of antibiotics in bone infections.  Drugs 2000;59:1223-32.
  25. Kolyvas E, Ahronheim G, Marks MI, et al.  Oral antibiotic therapy of skeletal infections in children.  Pediatrics 1980;65:867-71.
  26. Kortekangas P.  Bacterial arthritis in the elderly: an overview.  Drugs & Aging 1999;14:165-71.
  27. La Saux N, Howard A, Barrowman N, et al.  Shorter courses of parenteral antibiotic therapy do not appear to influence response rates for children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis:  a systematic review.  BMC Infect Dis 2002;2:16.
  28. Landersdorfer CB, Bulitta JB, Kinzig M, et al.  Penetration of antibacterials into bone.  Clin Pharmacokinetics 2009;48:89-124.
  29. Lazzarini L, Lipsky BA, Mader JT.  Antibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis:  what have we learned from 30 years of clinical trials?  Int J Infect Dis 2005;9:127-38.
  30. Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. Osteomyelitis. N Engl J Med 1997;336:999-1007.
  31. Li HK, Rombach I, Zambellas R, et al.  Oral versus intravenous antibiotics for bone and joint infection.  N Engl J Med 2019;380:425-36.
  32. Lipsky BA.  Osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients.  Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:1318-26.
  33. Meehan AM, Osmon DR, Duffy MCT, et al.  Outcome of penicillin-susceptible streptococcal prosthetic joint infection treated with debridement and retention of the prosthesis.  Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:845-9.
  34. Miller EH, Semian DW. Gram-negative osteomyelitis following puncture wounds of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1975;57A:535-7.
  35. Minnefor AB, Olson MI, Carver DH. Pseudomonas osteomyelitis following puncture wounds of the foot. Pediatrics 1971;47:598-60.
  36. Nelson JD.  Options for outpatient management of serious infections.  Pediar Infect Dis J 1992;11:175-8.
  37. Nickerson EK, Sinha R.  Vertebral osteomyelitis in adults:  an update.  British Med Bulletin 2016;117:121-38.
  38. Norden CW, Bryant R, Palmer D, et al.  Chronic osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus: controlled clinical trial of nafcillin therapy and nafcillin-rifampin therapy.  South Med J 1986;79:947-51.
  39. Park K-H, Cho O-H, Lee JH, et al. Optimal duration of antibiotic therapy in patients with hematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis at low risk and high risk of recurrence.  Clin Infect Dis 2016;62:1262-9.
  40. Peltola H, Unkila-Kallio L, Kallio MJT, and the Finnish Study Group.  Simplified treatment of acute staphylococcal osteomyelitis of childhood.  Pediatrics 1997;99:846-50.
  41. Perlroth J, Kuo M, Tan J, et al.  Adjunctive use of rifampin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections.  Arch Intern Med 2008;168:805-19.
  42. Prober CG.  Current antibiotic therapy of community-acquired bacterial infections in hospitalized children:  bone and joint infections.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:156-9.
  43. Proctor RA, Peters G.  Small colony variants in staphylococcal infections: diagnostic and therapeutic implications.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:419-23.
  44. Raz R, Miron D.  Oral ciprofloxacin for treatment of infection following nail puncture wounds of the foot.  Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:194-5.
  45. Ross JJ, Saltzman CL, Carling P, et al.  Pneumococcal septic arthritis:  review of 190 cases.  Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:319-27.
  46. Segreti J, Nelson JA, Trenholme GM.  Prolonged suppressive antibiotic therapy for infected orthopedic prostheses.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:711-3.
  47. Senneville E, Albalawi Z, van Asten SA, et al.  IWGDF/IDSA guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes-related foot infections.  Clin Infect Dis 2023:1-23. ciad527, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad527.
  48. Shafran SD, et al.  Care plans for native and prosthetic joint septic arthritis, and acute hematogenous and chronic osteomyelitis.  Can J Infect Dis 2000;11(suppl D):34D-40D.
  49. Shirtliff ME, Mader JT.  Acute septic arthritis.  Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15:527-44.
  50. Smith JW, Piercy EA. Infectious arthritis. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20-225-31.
  51. Sperling JW, Cofield RH, Torchia ME, et al.  Infection after shoulder instability surgery.  Clin Ortho Related Research 2003;414:61-4.
  52. Stein A, Bataille JF, Drancourt M, et al.  Ambulatory treatment of multidrug-resistant staphylococcus infected orthopedic implants with high-dose oral co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole).  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:3086-91.
  53. Stengel D, Bauwens K, Sehouli J, Ekkernkamp A, et al.  Systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic therapy for bone and joint infections.  Lancet Infect Dis 2001;1:175-88.
  54. Sugarman B.  Pressure sores and underlying bone infection.  Arch Intern Med 1987;147:553-5.
  55. Syrogiannopoulos GA, Nelson JD.  Duration of antimicrobial therapy for acute suppurative osteoarticular infections.  Lancet 1988;37-40.
  56. Thabit AK, Fatani DF, Bamakhrama MS, et al.  Antibiotic penetration into bone and joints: An updated review.  Inter J Infect Dis 2019;81:128-36.
  57. Vidaurrazaga MM, Perlman DC. A case of purulent gonococcal arthritis. ID Cases 2019;19:e00662. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00662.
  58. Widmer AF.  New developments in diagnosis and treatment of infection in orthopedic implants.  Clin Infect Dis 2001;33(suppl 2):S94-106.
  59. Weichert S, Sharland M, Clarke NMP, et al.  Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in children:  is there any evidence for how long we should treat?  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008;21:258-62.
  60. Wininger DA, Fass RJ. Antibiotic-impregnated cement and beads for orthopedic infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2675-9.
  61. Wieland BW, Marcantoni JR, Bommarito KM, et al.  A retrospective comparison of ceftriaxone versus oxacillin for osteoarticular infections due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.  Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:585-90.
  62. Wong D, Holtom P, Spellberg B.  Osteomyelitis complicating sacral pressure ulcers: whether or not to treat with antibiotic therapy.  Clin Infect Dis 2019;68:338-42.
  63. Zimmerli W.  Vertebral osteomyelitis.  N Engl J Med 2010;362:1022-9.
  64. Zimmerli W, Trampuz A, Ochsner PE.  Prosthetic-joint infections.  N Engl J Med 2004;351:1645-54.

Septic Arthritis/Bursitis

  1. Gjika E, Beaulieu JY, Vakalopoulos K, et al.  Two weeks versus four weeks of antibiotic therapy after surgical drainage for native joint bacterial arthritis: a prospective, randomised, noninferiority trial.  Ann Rheum Dis 2019;78:1114-21.
  2. Harwell JI, Fisher D.  Pediatric septic bursitis:  case report of retocalcaneal infection and review of the literature.  Clin Infect Dis 2001:32;102-4.
  3. Kherani, RB, Shojania K.  Septic arthritis in patients with pre-existing inflammatory arthritis.  Can Med Assoc J 2007:176;1605.
  4. Peltola H, Paakkonen M, Kallio P, et al.  Prospective, randomized trial of 10 days versus 30 days of antimicrobial treatment, including a short-term course of parenteral therapy, for childhood septic arthritis.  Clin Infect Dis 2009:48;1201-10.
  5. Perez C, Huttner A, Assal M, et al.  Infectious olecranon and patellar bursitis:  short-course adjuvant antibiotic therapy is not a risk factor for recurrence in adult hospitalized patients.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:1008-14.
  6. Sendi P, Kaempfen A, Uçkay I, et al.  Bone and joint infections of the hand.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2020;26:848-56.
  7. Smith JW, Chalupa P, Hasan MS.  Infectious arthritis:  clinical features, laboratory findings and treatment.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2006:12;309-14.
  8. Woods CR, Bradley JS, Chatterjee A, et al,  Clinical practice guideline by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): 2023 Guideline on diagnosis and management of acute bacterial arthritis in pediatrics.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024;13:1–59.

Prosthetic Joint Infections

  1. Abbott IJ, Cairns KA.  Daptomycin: an overview.  UpToDate June 30, 2021.
  2. Barberan J.  Management of infections of osteoarticular prosthesis.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12:93-101.
  3. Berbari E, Baddour LM, Chen AF.  Prosthetic joint infection  treatment.  UpToDate Oct 29, 2021.
  4. Bernard L, Arvieux C, Brunschweiler B, et al.  Antibiotic therapy for 6 or 12 weeks
    for prosthetic joint infection.  N Engl J Med 2021;384:1991-2001.
  5. Bohard L, Patry I, Sergent P, et al.  Re:  microbiological epidemiology depending on time to occurrence of prosthetic joint infection by Triffault-Fillit et al. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019;26;260-1.
  6. Boisrenoult P.  Cutibacterium acnes prosthetic joint infection: Diagnosis and
    treatment.  Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research 2018;104:S19-24.
  7. Del Pozo JL, Patel R.  Infection associated with prosthetic joints.  N Engl J Med 2009;361:787-94.
  8. Douglas RO, Elie FB, Anthony RB, et al.  Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection:  Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2013;56(1):e1-25.
  9. Golden M, Moffarah AS, Kerantzas C, et al.  Unnecessary routine use of mycobacterial cultures in patients with periprosthetic joint infections.  OFID 2022:1-4.
  10. Gomez J, Canovas E, Banos V, et al.  Linezolid plus refampin as a salvage therapy in prosthetic joint infections treated without removing the implant.  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2011:4308-10.
  11. Honkanen M, Jamsen E, Karppelin M, et al.  The impact of preoperative bacteriuria on the risk of periprosthetic joint infection after primary knee or hip replacement: a retrospective study with a 1-year follow up.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2018;24:376-80.
  12. Huotari K, Vuorinen M, Rantasalo M.  High cure rate for acute streptococcal
    prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement, antimicrobials, and implant retention in a specialized tertiary care center.  Clin Infect Dis 2018;67:1288-90.
  13. Jacobs AME, Van Hooff ML, Meis JF, et al.  Treatment of prosthetic joint infections due to Propionibacterium.  Orthopaedica 2016;87:60-6.
  14. Kanafani ZA, Sexton DJ, Pien BC, et al.  Postoperative joint infections due to Propionibacterium species: a case-control study.  Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1083-5.
  15. Kusejko K, Auñón A, Jost B, et al.  The impact of surgical strategy and rifampin on
    treatment outcome in Cutibacterium periprosthetic joint infections.  Clin Infect Dis 2021;72;e1064-73.
  16. Laffer RR, Graber P, Ochsner PE, et al.  Outcome of prosthetic knee-associated infection:  evaluation of 40 consecutive episodes at a single centre.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12:433-9.
  17. Lora-Tamayo J, Senneville E, Ribera A, et al.  The not-so-good prognosis of streptococcal periprosthetic joint infection managed by implant retention: the results of a large multicenter study.  Clin Infect Dis 2017;64:1742-52.
  18. Matthews P, Berendt A, McNally M, et al.  Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection.  BMJ 2009;338:1773.
  19. McNally M, Sousa, R, Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, et al.  The EBJIS definition of periprosthetic joint infection.  Bone Joint J 2021;103:18-25.
  20. Meehan AM, Osmon DR, Duffy MCT, et al.  Outcome of penicillin-susceptible
    streptococcal prosthetic joint infection treated with debridement and retention
    of the prosthesis.  Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:845-9.
  21. Moran E, Byren I, Atkins BL.  The diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infections.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:45-54.
  22. Osmon DR, Berbari EF, Berendt AR, et al.  Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection:  clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:e1-25.
  23. Parvizi J, Zmistowski B, Berbari EF, et al.  New definition for periprosthetic joint infection:  from the workgroup of the musculoskeletal infection society.  Clinical Ortho and Related Research 2011.
  24. Qu X, Zhai Z, Wu C, et al.  Preoperative aspiration cuture for preoperative diagnosis of infection in total hip or knee arthroplasty.  J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:3830-4.
  25. Samuel JR, Gould FK.  Prosthetic joint infections:  single versus combination therapy.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:18-23.
  26. Schafer P, Fink B, Sandow D, et al.  Prolonged bacterial culture to identify late periprosthetic joint infection:  a promising stategy.  Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:1403-9.
  27. Sendi P, Christensson B, Uçkay I, et al.  Group B streptococcus in prosthetic hip and knee joint-associated infections.  J Hospital Infect 2011;79:64-9.
  28. Senneville E, Joulie D, Legout L, et al.  Outcome and predictors of treatment failure in total hip/knee prosthetic joint infections due to Staphylococcus aureus.  Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:334-40.
  29. Signore A, Sconfienza LM, Borens O, et al.  Consensus document for the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections: a joint paper by the EANM, EBJIS, and ESR (with ESCMID endorsement).  Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019;46:971–88.
  30. Tai DBG, Wengenack NL, Patel R, et al.  Fungal and mycobacterial cultures should not be routinely obtained for diagnostic work-up
    of patients with suspected periprosthetic joint infections.  Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):53–58.
  31. Tande AJ, Patel R.  Prosthetic joint infection.  Clin Microbiol Rev 2014;27:302-45.
  32. Theil C, Schmidt-Braekling T, Gosheger G, et al.  Clinical use of linezolid in periprosthetic joint infections – a systematic review.  J Bone Joint Infect 2020;6:7-16.
  33. Trampuz A, Widmer AF.  Infections associated with orthopedic implants.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006;19:349-56.
  34. Turnidge J, Kahlmeter G, Canton R, et al.  Daptomycin in the treatment of enterococcal bloodstream infections and endocarditis: a EUCAST position paper.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2020;26:1039-43.
  35. Vilchez F, Martinez-Pastor JC, Garcia-Ramiro S, et al.  Outcome and predictors of treatment failure in early post-surgical prosthetic joint infections due to Staphylococcus aureus treated with debridement.  Clin Microbial Infect 2011;17:439-44.
  36. Vilchez HH, Escudero-Sanchez R, Fernandez-Sampedro M, et al.  Prosthetic shoulder joint infection by Cutibacterium acnes: does rifampin improve prognosis? A retrospective, multicenter, observational study. Antibiotics 2021;10:475-88.  
  37. Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Sebillotte M, Arvieux C, et al.  How to handle concomitant asymptomatic prosthetic joints during an episode of hematogenous periprosthetic
    joint infection, a multicenter analysis.  Clin Infect Dis 2021;73:e3820-4.
  38. Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Benito N, Soriano A.  The effect of preoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis on intraoperative culture results in patients with a suspected or confirmed prosthetic joint infection: a systematic review.  J Clin Microbiol 2017;55:2765-74.
Content Version: 1.1.1151 Oct 31, 2024.06:09
©1998-2020 Alberta Health Services