Sepsis

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  16. Demajo WA, Guimond JG, Rotstein C, et al.  Guidelines for the management of nosocomial Candida infections in non-neutropenic intensive care patients.  Can J Infect Dis 1997;8:3-9.
  17. Edwards JE.  International conference for the development of a consensus on the management and prevention of severe candidal infections.  Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:43-59.
  18. Ehni WF, Reller LB.  Short-course therapy for catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.  Arch Intern Med 1989;149:533-6.
  19. Elting LS, Bodey GP, Keefe BH.  Septicemia and shock syndrome due to viridans Streptococci:  a case-control study of predisposing factors.  Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:1201-7.
  20. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al.  Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021.  Crit Care Med 2021;49:e1063-1143.
  21. Feldman C, Anderson R.  Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia.  Drugs 2011;71:131-53.
  22. Fleisher GR, Rosenberg N, Vinci R, et al.  Intramuscular versus oral antibiotic therapy for the prevention of meningitis and other bacterial sequelae in young, febrile children at risk for occult bacteremia.  J Pediatr 1994;124:504-12.
  23. Huppler AR, Eickhoff JC, Wald ER.  Performance of low-risk criteria in the evaluation of young infants with fever:  review of the literature.  Pediatrics 2010;125:228-33.
  24. Johnson MT, Reichley R, Hoppe-Bauer J, et al.  Impact of previous antibiotic therapy on outcome of Gram-negative severe sepsis.  Crit Care Med 2011;39:1859-65.   
  25. Jones AE, Trzeciak S, Kline JA.  The sequential organ failure assessment score for predicting outcome in patietns with severe sepsis and evidence of hypoperfusion at the time of emergewncy department presentation.  Crit Care Med 2009;37:1649-54.
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  27. Kumar A, Safdar N, Kethireddy S, et al.  A survival benefit of combination antibiotic therapy for serious infections associated with sepsis and septic shock is contingent only on the risk of death:  a meta-analytic/meta-regression study.  Crit Care Med 2010;38:1651-64.
  28. Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Light B, et al.  Early combination antibiotic therapy yields improved survival compared with monotherapy in septic shock:  a propensity-matched analysis.  Crit Care Med 2010;38:1773-85.
  29. Laupland KB.  Polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin for the prophylaxis and treatment of infection in critically ill adults.  Can J Infect Dis 2002:13;100-6.
  30. Long SS.  Antibiotic therapy in febrile children:  “best-laid schemes”.  J Pediatr 1994;124:585-8.
  31. Low DE, McGeer A.  Streptococcal toxic shock and necrotizing fasciitis:  new approaches to therapy.  Infect Dis Microbiol Rounds 2002:vol 2, issue 1.
  32. Lutsar I, Metsvaht T.  Understanding pharmacokinetics/ pharmacodynamics in managing neonatal sepsis.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010;23:201-7.
  33. Martinez JA, Cobos-Trigueros N, Soriano A, et al.  Influence of empiric therapy with a β-lactam alone or combined with an aminoglycoside on prognosis of bacteremia due to Gram-negative microorganisms.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:3590-6.
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  35. Nguyen MH, Peacock JE, Tanner DC, et al.  Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidemia.  Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2429-35.
  36. Paul M, Shani V, Muchtar E, et al.  Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:4851-63.
  37. Piano S, Bartoletti M, Tonon M, et al.  Assessment of Sepsis-3 criteria and quick SOFA in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infections.  Gut 2017;31 August. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314324.
  38. Polin R, and the Committee on Fetus and Newborn.  Management of neonates with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis.  Pediatrics 2012;129:1006-16.
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  41. Raad II, Bodey GP.  Infectious complications of indwelling vascular catheters.  Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:197-210.
  42. Raad II, Hanna HA.  Intravascular catheter-related infections.  Arch Intern Med 2002;162:871-8.
  43. Raith EP, Udy AA, Bailey M, et al.  Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit.  JAMA 2017;317:290-300.        
  44. Reuben AG, Musher DM, Hamill RJ.  Polymicrobial bacteremia:  clinical and microbiologic patterns.  Rev Infect Dis 1989;11:161-83.
  45. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, et al.  A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1325-30.
  46. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al.  Surviving Sepsis Campaign:  international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock:  2016.  Crit Care Med 2017;45:486-52.
  47. Rijinders BJ, Wijngaerden EV, Vandecasteele SJ, et al.  Treatment of long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia with antibiotic lock:  randomized, placebo-controlled trial.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2005:55;90-4.
  48. Sawyer RG, Claridge JA, Nathens AB, et al.  Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection.  N Engl J Med 2015;372:1996-2005.     
  49. Saxinger LM, Williams KE, Lyon M, et al.  Stability of antibiotics in heparin at 37ºC:  towards antibiotic locks for central venous catheter related infections.  In:  Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco CA, 1999.
  50. Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, et al. Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock.  JAMA 2016;315:775-87.       
  51. Simonsen KA, Anderson-Berry AL, Delair SF, et al.  Early-onset neonatal sepsis.  Clin Microbiol Rev 2014;27:21-47.
  52. Tamma PD, Cosgrove SE, Maragakis LL.  Combination therapy for treatment of infections with Gram-negative bacteria.  Clini Microbiol Rev 2012;25:450-70.
  53. Vardakas KZ, Tansarli GS, Bliziotis IA, et al.  β-lactam plus aminoglycoside or fluoroquinolone combination versus β-lactam monotherapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections:  a meta-analysis.  Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013;41:301-10.
  54. Vercaigne LM, Wang GQ, Penner BP, et al.  Antibiotic/heparin-lock:  in vitro stability when combined with heparin in a central venous catheter.  Pharmacother 2000:20;394-9.
  55. Vercaigne LM, Zhanel GG.  Antibiotic-heparin lock:  in vitro confirmation of antibacterial activity.  Can J Hosp Pharm 2000:53;193-8.

 Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections

  1. Chittick P, Sherertz RJ.  Recognition and prevention of nosocomial vascular device and related bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit.  Crit Care Med 2010;38(suppl):S363-72.
  2. Eggimann P.  Diagnosis of intravascular catheter infection.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2007;20:353-9.
  3. Funalleras G, Fernandez-Hidalgo N, Borrego A, et al.  Effectiveness of antibiotic-lock therapy for long-term catheter-related bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli:  a prospective observational study.  Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:e129-32.
  4. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, et al.  Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection:  2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1-45.
  5. O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al.  Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections.  Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:e162-93.
  6. Yahav D, Rozen-Zvi B, Gafter-Gvili A, et al.  Antimicrobial lock solutions for the prevention of infections associated with intravascular catheters in patients undergoing hemodialysis:  systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.  Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:83-93.