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Vascular

Bacteremia

   S. aureus

  1. Bai AD, Showler A, Burry L, et al.  Comparative effectiveness of cefazolin versus cloxacillin as definitive antibiotic therapy for MSSA bacteraemia:  results from a large multicenter cohort study.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2015;70:1539-46.
  2. Buchan BW.  Commentary:  can automated blood culture systems be both new and improved?  J Clin Microbiol 2022;60(4): 10.1128/jcm.00192-22.
  3. Chavez MA, Munigala S, Burnham CAD, et al.  The impact of implementing the Virtuo blood culture system on the characteristics and management of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.  J Clin Microbiol 2022;60(4):10.1128/jcm.02261-21.
  4. Chong YP, Moon SM, Bang KM, et al.  Treatment duration for uncomplicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia to prevent relapse:  analysis of a prospective observational cohort study.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:1150-6.
  5. Dhand A, Bayer AS, Pogliano J, et al.  Use of antistaphylococcal β-lactams to increase daptomycin activity in eradicating persistent bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus:  role of enhanced daptomycin binding.  Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:158-63.
  6. Gould IM.  Treatment of bacteraemia:  meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA).  Internat J Antimcrob Agents 2013;425:S17-21.
  7. Havey TC, Fowler RA, Daneman N.  Duration of antibiotic therapy for bacteremia:  a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Crit Care 2011;15:R267.
  8. Holland TL, Arnold C, Fowler VG.  Clinical management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia – a review.  JAMA 2014;312:1330-41.
  9. Kalil AC, Van Schooneveld TC, Fey PD, et al.  Association between vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration and mortality among patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections – a systematic review and meta-analysis.  JAMA 2014;312:1552-64.
  10. McConeghy KW, Bleasdale SC, Rodvold KA.  The empirical combination of vancomycin and a β-lactam for staphylococcal bacteremia.  Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:1760-5.
  11. McDanel JS, Roghmann MC, Perencevich EN, et al.  Comparative effectiveness of cefazolin versus nafcillin or oxacillin for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infections complicated y bacteremia:  a nationwide cohort study.  Clin Infect Dis 2017;65:100-6.
  12. Minter DJ, Appa A, Chambers HF, et al.  Contemporary management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia—controversies in clinical practice.  Clin Infect Dis 2023 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad500.
  13. Paul M, Kariv G, Goldberg E, et al.  Importance of appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:2658-65.
  14. Paul M, Zemer-Wassercug N, Talker O, et al.  Are all beta-lactams similarly effective in the treatment of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia?  Clin Microbial Infect 2011;17:1581-6.
  15. Thwaites GE, Edgeworth JD, Gkrania-Klotsas E, et al.  Clinical management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia.  Lancet Infect Dis 2011;11:208-22.
  16. Tong SYC, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, et al.  Staphylococcus aureus infections:  epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management.  Clin Microb Rev 2015;28:603-60.
  17. Van Hal SJ, Jensen SO, Vaska VL, et al.  Predictors of mortality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.  Clin Microb Rev 2012;25:362-86.   
  18. Walraven CJ, North MS, Marr-Lyon L, et al.  Site of infection rather than vancomycin MIC predicts vancomycin treatment failure in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:2386-92.

   Salmonella

  1. Benenson S, Raveh D, Schlesinger Y, et al.  The risk of vascular infection in adult patients with nontyphi Salmonella bacteremia.  Am J Med 2001;110:60-3.
  2. Crump JA, Sjolund-Karlsson M, Gordon MA, et al.  Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections.  Clin Microbiol Rev 2015;28:901-20.

 Endocarditis

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  4. Baddour LM, Epstein AE, Erickson CC, et al.  Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management:  a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.  Circulation 2010;121:458-77.
  5. Baddour LM, Weimer MB, Wurcel AG, et al.  Management of infective endocarditis in people who inject drugs: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association.  Circulation 2022;146. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001090
  6. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al.  Infective endocarditis in adults:  diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications.  A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association.  Circulation 2015;132:00-00.  DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000296
  7. Baltimore RS.  Infective endocarditis in children.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:907-12.
  8. Baltimore RS, Gewitz M, Baddour LM, et al.  Infective endocarditis in childhood:  2015 update.  A scientific statement from the American Heart Association.  Circulation 2015;132:1487-1515.
  9. Bayer AS.  Infective endocarditis.  Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:313-22.
  10. Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Traykov V, Erba PA, et al.  European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) international consensus document on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiac implantable electronic device infections— endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID), and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS).  Europ Heart J 2020;41:2012-32.
  11. Boleij A, van Gelder MMHJ, Swinkels DW, et al.  Clinical importance of Streptococcus gallolyticus infection among colorectal cancer patients:  systematic review and meta-analysis.  Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:870-8.
  12. Cahill TJ, Baddour LM, Habib G, et al.  Challenges in infective endocarditis.  J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:325-44.
  13. Chambers HF, Korzeniowski OM, Sande MA.  Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis:  clinical manifestations in addicts and nonaddicts.  Medicine 1983;62:170-7.
  14. Chambers HF, Miller RT, Newman MD.  Right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers:  two-week combination therapy.  Ann Intern Med 1988;109:619-24.
  15. Choudhri SH, Endocarditis Care Plan Working Group.  Consensus guidelines for the treatment of infectious endocarditis with outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy.  Can J Infect Dis 2000;11(suppl D):4D-10D.
  16. Cohen PS, Maguire JH.  Infective endocarditis caused by gram-negative bacteria: a review of the literature, 1945-1977.  Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1980;22:205-42.
  17. Cosgrove SE, Vigliani GA, Campion M, et al.  Initial low-dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic.  Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:713-21.
  18. Darras-Joly C, Lortholary O, Mainardi JL, et al.  Haemophilus endocarditis:  report of 42 cases in adults and review.  Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:1087-94.
  19. Dhand A, Bayer AS, Pogliano J, et al.  Use of antistaphylococcal β-lactams to increase daptomycin activity in eradicating persistent bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus:  role of enhanced daptomycin binding.  Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:158-63.
  20. Didier R.  Q fever endocarditis.  UpToDate 2012.
  21. DiNubile MJ.  Short-course antibiotic therapy for right-sided endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in injection drug users.  Ann Intern Med 1994;121:873-6.
  22. Drinkovic D, Morris AJ, Pottumarthy S, et al.  Bacteriological outcome of combination versus single-agent treatment for staphylococcal endocarditis.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2003:52;820-5.
  23. Falagas ME, Giannopoulou KP, Ntziora F, et al.  Daptomycin for endocarditis and/or bacteraemia:  a systematic review of the experimental and clinical evidence.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:7-19.
  24. Falagas ME, Manta KG, Ntziora F, et al.  Linezolid for the treatment of patients with endocarditis:  a systematic review of the published evidence.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:273-80.
  25. Falagas ME, Matthaiou DK, Bliziotis IA.  The role of aminoglycosides in combination with a β-lactam for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis:  a meta-analysis of comparative trials.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:639-47.
  26. Fenollar F, Celard M, Lagier JC, et al.  Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis.  Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:1721-30.
  27. Fenollar F, Lagier JC, Raoult D.  Tropheryma whipplei and Whipple’s disease.  J Infect 2014;69:103-12.
  28. Fortun J, Navas E, Martinez-Beltran J, et al.  Short-course therapy for right-side endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus in drug abusers: cloxacillin versus glycopeptides in combination with gentamicin.  Clin Infect Dis 2001:33;120-5.
  29. Fowler VG, Boucher HW, Corey R, et al.  Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus.  N Engl J Med 2006;355:653-65.
  30. Fowler Jr VG, Durack DT, Selton-Suty C, et al. The 2023 Duke-International Society for cardiovascular infectious diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: updating the modified Duke Criteria.  Clin Infect Dis 2023;77:518–26.
  31. Franco MP, Mulder M, Gilman RH, et al.  Human brucellosis.  Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7 :775-86.
  32. Gavalda J, Lopez P, Martin T, et al.  Efficacy of ceftriaxone and gentamicin given once a day by using human-like pharmacokinetics in treatment of experimental staphylococcal endocarditis.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002:46;378-84.
  33. Gavalda J, Len O, Miro JM, et al.  Brief communication:  treatment of Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis with ampicillin plus Ceftriaxone.  Ann Intern Med 2007;146:574-9.
  34. Gordon RJ, Quagliarello B, Lowy FD.  Ventricular assist device-related infections.  Lancet Infect Dis 2006;6:426-37.
  35. Gould FK, Denning DW, Elliott TSJ, et al.  Guidelines for the diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of endocarditis in adults:  a report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67:269-89.
  36. Gutschik E.  New developments in the treatment of infective endocarditis infective cardiovasculitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999;13:79-92.
  37. Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P, et al.  Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009).  European Heart Journal 2009;30:2369-2413.
  38. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al.  2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis.  European Heart J 2015;36:3075-123.
  39. Hecht SR, Berger M.  Right-sided endocarditis in intravenous drug users:  prognostic features in 102 episodes.  Ann Intern Med 1992;117:560-6.
  40. Heldman AW, Hartert TV, Ray SC, et al.  Oral antibiotic treatment of right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis in injection drug users: prospective randomized comparison with parenteral therapy.  Am J Med 1996;101:68-76.
  41. Hoen B, Duval X.  Infective endocarditis.  N Engl J Med 2013;368:1425-33.
  42. Iversen K, Ihlemann N, Gill SU, et al.  Partial oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment of endocarditis.  N Engl J Med 2018;1-10.  DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1808312
  43. Kanafani Z, Boucher H, Fowler V, et al.  Daptomycin compared to standard therapy for the treatment of native valve endocarditis.  Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010;28:498-503.
  44. Kaye D.  Treatment of infective endocarditis.  Ann Intern Med 1996;124:606-8.
  45. Kern WV.  Management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis:  progresses and challenges.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010;23:346-58.
  46. Knoll B, Tleyjeh IM, Steckelberg JM, et al.  Infective endocarditis due to penicillin-resistant viridans group streptococci.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:1585-92.
  47. Koruk ST, Erdem H, Koruk I, et al.  Management of Brucella endocarditis:  results of the Gulhane study.  Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;40:145-50.
  48. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Wilkoff BL, et al.  2017 HRS expert consensus statement on cardiovascular implantable electronic device lead management and extraction.  Heart Rhythm 2017:14:e503-51.
  49. Le T, Bayer AS.  Combination antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis.  Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:615-21.
  50. Lester SJ, Wilansky S.  Endocarditis and associated complications.  Crit Care Med 2007;35:S384-91.
  51. Levine DP.  Clinical experience with daptomycin:  bacteraemia and endocarditis.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62(suppl 3):iii35-9.
  52. Marks LR, Liang SY, Muthulingam D, et al.  Evaluation of partial oral antibiotic treatment for persons who inject drugs and are hospitalized with invasive infections.  Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:e650–6.
  53. Meyer DJ, Gerding DN.  Favorable prognosis of patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by gram-negative bacilli of the HACEK group.  Am J Med 1988;85:104-7.
  54. Million M, Thuny F, Richet H, et al.  Long-term outcome of Q fever endocarditis:  a 26-year personal survey.  Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10:527-35.
  55. Morris AJ, Drinkovic D, Pottumarthy S, et al.  Bacteriological outcome after valve surgery for active infective endocarditis:  implications for duration of treatment after surgery.  Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:187-94.
  56. Oakley CM.  Treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis.  J Antimicrob Chemother 1987;20:181-6.
  57. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al.  Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis:  2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2016:62:e1-50.
  58. Parker RH, Fossieck BE.  Intravenous followed by oral antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcal endocarditis.  Ann Intern Med 1980;93:832-4.
  59. Patterson TF, Thompson GR, Denning DW, et al.  Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis:  2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2016.
  60. Pearce MM, Theodoropoulos N, Noskin GA, et al.  Native valve endocarditis due to a noval strain of Legionella.  J Clin Microbiol 2011;49:3340-2.
  61. Pericas JM, Cervera C, del Rio A, et al.  Changes in the treatment of Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis in Spain in the last 15 years:  from ampicillin plus gentamicin to ampicillin plus ceftriaxone.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:O1075-83.
  62. Perry JD, Jones AL, Gould FK.  Glycopeptide tolerance in bacteria causing endocarditis.  J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;44:121-4.
  63. Prendergast BD, Tornos P.  Surgery for infective endocarditis:  who and when?  Circulation 2010;121:1141-52.
  64. Pries-Heje MM, Wiingaard C, Ihlemann N, et al.  Five-year outcomes of the partial oral treatment of endocarditis (POET) trial.  N Engl J Med 2022;386:6. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2114046
  65. Raoult D, Sexton DJ.  Culture-negative endocarditis.  UpToDate 2012.  Accessed February 23, 2012.
  66. Raoult D.  Q fever endocarditis.  UpToDate 2012.  Accessed February 23, 2012.
  67. Remetz MS, Quagliarello V.  Endovascular infections arising from right-sided heart structures.  Cardiology Clinics 1992;10:137-49.
  68. Ribera E, Gomez-Jimenez J, Cortes E, et al.  Effectiveness of cloxacillin with and without gentamicin in short-term therapy for right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a randomized controlled trial.  Ann Intern Med 1996;125:969-74.
  69. Ryder JH, Tong SYC, Gallagher JC, et al.  Deconstructing the dogma: systematic literature review and meta-analysis of adjunctive gentamicin and rifampin
    in staphylococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis.  Open Forum Infect Dis 2022:1-7.  https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac583.
  70. Saiman L, Prince A, Gersony WM.  Pediatric infective endocarditis in the modern era.  J Pediatr 1993;122:847-53.
  71. Sandre RM, Shafran SD.  Infective endocarditis: review of 135 cases over 9 years. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:276-86.
  72. Shah S, Clarke L, Davis MW, et al.  Clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes for patients with Pseudomonas endocarditis.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2024: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkae205.
  73. Spach DH.  Endocarditis caused by Bartonella.  UpToDate 2012.  Accessed February 23, 2012.
  74. Stamboulian D, Carbone E.  Recognition, management and prophylaxis of endocarditis.  Drugs 1997;54:730-44.
  75. Tacke D, Koehler P, Cornely OA.  Fungal endocarditis.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2013;26:501-7.
  76. Tattevin P, Revest M, Lefort A, et al.  Fungal endocarditis:  current challenges.  Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014;44:290-4.
  77. Thompson GR, Jenks JD, Baddley JW, et al.  Fungal endocarditis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management.  Clin Microbiol Rev 2023;36:1-32 https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/cmr.00019-23.
  78. Tsigrelis C, Singh KV, Coutinho TD, et al.  Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis:  linezolid failure and strain characterization of virulence factors.  J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:631-5.
  79. Wald-Dickler N, Holtom PD, Phillips MC, et al.  Oral is the new IV. challenging decades of blood and bone infection dogma: A systematic review.  Am J Med 2022;135:369-79.
  80. Warren RE.  Daptomycin in endocarditis and bacteraemia:  a British perspective.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62(suppl 3):iii25-33.
  81. Wilson WR, Karchmer AW, Dajani AS, et al.  Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis due to streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms. JAMA 1995;274:1706-13.
  82. Yung D, Kottachchi D, Neupane B, et al.  Antimicrobials for right-sided endocarditis in intravenous drug users:  a systematic review.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:921-8.

Pericarditis

  1. Imazio M, Spodick DH, Brucato A, et al.  Controversial issues in the management of pericardial diseases.  Circulation 2010;121:916-28.
  2. Parikh SV, Memon N, Echols M, et al.  Purulent pericarditis:  report of 2 cases and review of the literature.  Medicine 2009;88:52-65.
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